Low molecular weight isotactic polypropylene polymers, copolymers and derivatives and materials prepared therewith

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are polypropylene homopolymers, copolymers and mono and polyfunctional polypropylene derivatives as well as methods of preparing them. These polymers are prepared in the èresence of a metallocene catalyst and are isotactic. Applications using these polymers include but are not limited to, electrophotography toners, melt facture reduction agents, and compatibilizers.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] 1. Field of the Invention

[0002] The present invention relates to isotactic polypropylenepolymers, copolymers and derivatives thereof.

[0003] 2. Background of the Art

[0004] It is known to prepare polyolefin polymers for many applications.For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,707,722 to Akimoto, et al., disclosespreparing a toner composed of a resin, a colorant, and a releasing agentwherein the releasing agent is a polyolefine (sic.) polymer synthesizedin the presence of a metallocene catalyst. U.S. Pat. No. 5,604,573 toEndo, et al., discloses preparing a developing apparatus for developingan electrostatic image using a resin that can be an isotacticpolypropylene metallocene polymerization polymer.

[0005] Use of polyolefin polymers in, for example, toners as lubricantsis reported in several patents. U.S. Pat. No. 6,063,536 to Ikeyama, etal., claims a toner including a propylene-based copolymer wax whereinthe propylene-based copolymer has a weight average molecular weightdetermined by gel permeation chromatography of from 3,000 to 50,000, amelting point determined by differential scanning calorimetry of from120° C. to 140° C., and a propylene content of at least 90% by mole ofpropylene. U.S. Pat. No. 6,052,940 to Fukuzawa, et al., claims a tonerfor electrophotography, the toner at least containing a coloring agent,a binder resin, a charge control agent, and a functioning agent, whereina low molecular weight polyolefin wax comprising co-polymers of alphaolefins with cycloolefins obtained by using a metallocene typepolymerization catalyst is the functioning agent. U.S. Pat. No.5,677,409 to Inoue, et al., claims a syndiotactic polypropylene waxhaving a syndiotactic pentad fraction of at least 0.7, a melting pointin a range of 120-170° C. as measured by a differential scanningcalorimeter.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0006] In one aspect, the present invention is an isotacticpolypropylene homopolymer comprising a homopolymer prepared bypolymerizing propylene in the presence of a metallocene catalyst at atemperature of from about 30 to about 120 degrees centigrade underreaction conditions sufficient to polymerize propylene to produce ahomopolymer having: (a) an isotacticity index of from about 60 to about95% isotactic pentads; (b) a number average molecular weight of fromabout 300 to about 10,000 daltons; (c) a weight average molecular weightof from about 600 to about 20,000 daltons; (d) a melting point range offrom about 50 to about 120 degrees centigrade; and (e) a polydispersityof from about 1 to about 2. These compounds hereinafter referred to asthe isotactic polypropylene homopolymers of the present invention.

[0007] In another aspect, the present invention is an isotacticpolypropylene copolymer comprising a copolymer prepared by polymerizingpropylene monomer and at least one co-monomer in the presence of ametallocene catalyst at a temperature of from about 30 to about 120degrees centigrade under reaction conditions sufficient to polymerizepropylene to produce a copolymer having: (a) an isotacticity index offrom about 60 to about 95% isotactic pentads; (b) a number averagemolecular weight of from about 300 to about 10,000 daltons; (c) a weightaverage molecular weight of from about 600 to about 20,000 daltons; and(d) a melting point range of from about 50 to about 120 degreescentigrade, wherein the copolymer is prepared with from 0.1 to 50 molepercent comonomers. These compounds hereinafter referred to as theisotactic polypropylene copolymers of the present invention.

[0008] In yet another aspect, the present invention is an isotacticpolypropylene derivative comprising the reaction product of admixing:(a) an isotactic polypropylene homopolymer prepared by a processincluding polymerizing propylene in the presence of a metallocenecatalyst at a temperature of from about 30 to about 120 degreescentigrade under reaction conditions sufficient to polymerize propylene;(b) an isotactic copolymer prepared by a process including polymerizingpropylene and from 0.1 to 50 mole percent of at least one co-monomer inthe presence of a metallocene catalyst at a temperature of from about 30to about 120 degrees centigrade under reaction conditions sufficient topolymerize propylene; or (c) a mixture of (a) and (b); with aderivatizing agent or a series of derivatizing agents under reactionconditions sufficient to add to the isotactic polypropylene homopolymeror isotactic polypropylene copolymer or mixtures thereof, a functionalgroup selected from the group consisting of alcohol, ester, anhydride,carboxylic acid, amine, nitrile, imine, silane, siloxane, alkane,sulfonate, aldehyde, epoxide, alcohol, organoborane, ethoxylate,propoxylate, higher alkoxylate, and halogen functional groups. Thesecompounds hereinafter referred to as the isotactic polypropylenederivatives of the present invention.

[0009] In still another aspect, the present invention is a polymercomprising the product prepared by combining: (a) an isotacticpolypropylene polymer prepared by polymerizing propylene in the presenceof a metallocene catalyst at a temperature of from about 30 to about 120degrees centigrade under reaction conditions sufficient to produce apolymer; (b) an isotactic polypropylene copolymer prepared bypolymerizing propylene in the presence of a metallocene catalyst andfrom 0.1 to 50 mole percent of a co-monomer at a temperature of fromabout 30 to about 120 degrees centigrade under reaction conditionssufficient to produce a polymer; or (c) a mixture of (a) and (b) eitheralone or with a normal alpha olefin that is normally a liquid or a solidat room temperature with a free radical catalyst under reactionconditions sufficient to form a polymer.

[0010] Another aspect of the present invention is a toner comprising aresin, a colorant, and a lubricant wherein the lubricant is selectedfrom the group consisting of an isotactic polypropylene homopolymer ofthe present invention, an isotactic polypropylene copolymer of thepresent invention, an isotactic polypropylene derivative of the presentinvention, and mixtures thereof.

[0011] In still another aspect, the present invention is a tonercomprising a resin and a colorant, wherein the resin has lubricantproperties and is prepared by admixing a thermoplastic resin having aprimary, secondary or tertiary group reactive with active hydrogens withan isotactic polypropylene derivative of the present invention having anactive hydrogen group under reaction conditions sufficient to form atoner resin having lubricant properties.

[0012] Another aspect of the present invention is an external moldrelease agent comprising a mold release agent selected from the groupconsisting of an isotactic polypropylene homopolymer of the presentinvention, an isotactic polypropylene copolymer of the presentinvention, an isotactic derivative of the present invention, andmixtures thereof.

[0013] In yet another aspect the present invention is an internal moldrelease agent comprising an isotactic polypropylene derivative of thepresent invention having functional groups selected from the groupconsisting of active hydrogen, amine, and ester functional groups.

[0014] Another aspect of the present invention is a compatibilizercomprising a polymer selected from the group consisting of an isotacticpolypropylene homopolymer of the present invention, an isotacticpolypropylene copolymer of the present invention, an isotacticpolypropylene derivative of the present invention, and mixtures thereofwherein the compatibilizer functions to compatibilize two materialswhich would otherwise be incompatible.

[0015] In still another aspect, the present invention is ananti-blocking agent comprising a polymer selected from the groupconsisting of an isotactic polypropylene homopolymer of the presentinvention, an isotactic polypropylene copolymer of the presentinvention, an isotactic polypropylene derivative of the presentinvention, and mixtures thereof wherein the anti-blocking agent promotesthe free flow of powders.

[0016] Another aspect of the present invention is a processing aid forpolymers comprising a polymer selected from the group consisting of anisotactic polypropylene homopolymer of the present invention, anisotactic polypropylene copolymer of the present invention, an isotacticpolypropylene derivative of the present invention, and mixtures thereofwherein the processing aid promotes the void, gel, and defect freeproduction of a plastic article.

[0017] A last aspect of the preset invention is an adhesion improver forwater based acrylic paints comprising an anionic dispersion of a polymerselected from the group consisting of an isotactic polypropylenehomopolymer of the present invention, an isotactic polypropylenecopolymer of the present invention, an isotactic polypropylenederivative of the present invention, and mixtures thereof, wherein, whenadded to water-based acrylic paints, the adhesion improver functions toimprove adhesion of the paints to difficult to paint substrates, such aspolypropylene containing substrates and thermoplastic olefin substrates.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0018] In one aspect, the present invention is an isotacticpolypropylene homopolymer prepared by polymerizing propylene in thepresence of a metallocene catalyst. Metallocene catalysts are, ingeneral, organometallic coordination compounds obtained as a potentiallysubstituted cyclopentadienyl derivative of a transition metal or metalhalide. Exemplary are dicylcopentadienyl-metals with the general formula(C₅H₅)₂M, dicylcopentadienyl-metal halides with the general formula(C₅H₅)₂MX₁₋₃, and monocylcopentadienyl-metal compounds with the generalformula (C₅H₅)₂MR₁ 3, where R is CO, NO, a halide group, an alkyl group,and the like, M is a metal and X is a halide. For example, catalyst #465 which is dimethylsilybis(1-methyl)-3-tert-butylcyclopentadienylzirconium dichloride, from Boulder Scientific, is a preferred catalystfor use with the present invention.

[0019] For the purposes of the present invention, the metallocenecatalysts which can be used with present invention include any that canbe used to prepare the isotactic polypropylene homopolymers, isotacticpolypropylene copolymers, isotactic polypropylene homopolymerderivatives, isotactic polypropylene copolymer derivatives, andpolypropylene polyfunctional polymers of the present invention.Preferably, the catalysts are substituted ansa zirconocenes. Mostpreferably, the catalysts that are used with the present invention arethose having the general formula:

[0020] Inherent in this formula are also the following formulae:

[0021] In the formulae, M¹ is a metal of group IVb, Vb or V1b of thePeriodic Table, for example titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium,niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, preferably titanium,zirconium and hafnium.

[0022] R¹ and R² are identical or different and are each a hydrogenatom, a C₁-C₁₀, preferably C₁-C₃-alkyl group, in particular methyl, aC₁-C₁₀, preferably C₁-C₃-alkoxy group, a C₆-C₁₀, preferably C₆-C₈-arylgroup, a C₆-C₁₀, preferably C₆-C₈-aryloxy group, a C₂-C₁₀ preferablyC₂-C₄-alkenyl group, a C₇-C₄₀, preferably C₇-C₁₀-arylalkyl group, aC₇-C₄₀, preferably C₇-C₁₂-alkylaryl group, a C₈-C₄₀, preferablyC₈-C₁₂-arylalkenyl group or a halogen atom, preferably chlorine.

[0023] R³ and R⁴ are identical or different and are each a monocyclic orpolycyclic hydrocarbon radical that can form a sandwich structure withthe central atom M¹. R³ and R⁴ are preferably cyclopentadienyl, indenyl,benzindenyl or fluorenyl, where the base structures can also bearadditional substituents or be bridged to one another. In addition, oneof the radicals R³ and R⁴ can be a substituted nitrogen atom, where R²⁴is as defined for R¹⁷ and is preferably methyl, t-butyl or cyclohexyl.

[0024] R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹ and R^(9′) are identicalor different and are each a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, preferably afluorine, chlorine or bromine atom, a C₁-C₁₀, preferably C₁-C₄-alkylgroup, a C₆-C₁₀, preferably C₆-C₈-aryl group, a C₁-C₁₀, preferablyC₁-C₃-alkoxy group, an —NR¹⁶ ₂—, —SR¹⁶—, —OSiR¹⁶ ₃, —SiR¹⁶ ₃—, or —PR¹⁶₂, radical, where R¹⁶ is a C₁-C₁₀, preferably C₁-C₃-alkyl group orC₆-C₁₀, preferably C₆-C₈-alkyl group, or in the case of Si- orP-containing radicals is also a halogen atom, preferably a chlorineatom, or two adjacent radicals R⁵, R⁶, R⁸, R⁹ or together with thecarbon atoms connecting them form a ring. Particularly preferred ligandsare the substituted compounds of the base structures indenyl,benzindenyl, fluorenyl and cyclopentadienyl. R¹³ is

[0025] ═BR¹⁷, ═AlR¹⁷, —Ge—, —Sn—, —O—, —S—, ═SO, ═SO₂═NR¹⁵, ═CO, ═PR¹⁵or ═P(O)R¹⁵, where R¹⁷, R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ are identical or different and areeach a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a C₁-C₃₀, preferably C₁-C₄-alkylgroup, in particular a methyl group, a C₁-C₁₀-fluoroalkyl group,preferably a CF₃ group, a C₆-C₁₀-fluoroaryl group, preferably apentafluorophenyl group, a C₆-C₁₀, preferably C₆-C₈-aryl group, aC₁-C₁₀, preferably C₁-C₄-alkoxy group, in particular a methoxy group, aC₂-C₁₀, preferably C₂-C₄-alkenyl group, a C₇-C₄₀, preferablyC₇-C₁₀-arylalkyl group, a C₈-C₄₀, preferably C₈-C₁₂-arylalkenyl group ora C₇-C₄₀,-, preferably C₇-C₁₂-alkylaryl or R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ or R¹⁷ and R¹⁹,in each case together with the atoms connecting them, form a ring.

[0026] M² is carbon, silicon, germanium or tin, preferably silicon orgermanium.

[0027] R¹³ is preferably ═CR¹⁷R¹⁸, ═SiR¹⁷R¹⁸, ═GeR¹⁷R¹⁸—O—, —S—, ═SO,═PR¹⁷ or ═P(O)R¹⁷.

[0028] R¹¹ and R¹² are identical or different and are as defined forR¹⁷.

[0029] The symbols m and n are identical or different and are zero, 1 or2, preferably zero or 1, where m plus n is zero, 1 or 2, preferably zeroor 1.

[0030] R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are as defined for R¹⁷ and R¹⁸.

[0031] Examples of suitable metallocenes are the rac isomers of:ethylenebis-1-(2-methyltetrahydroindenyl) zirconiumdichloride,ethylenebis-1-(4,7-dimethyl indenyl)zirconium dichloride,ethylenebis-1-(2-methyl-4-phenylindenyl)zirconium dichloride,ethylenebis-1-(2-methyl-4,5-benzindenyl)zirconium dichloride,etbylenebis-1-(2-methyl-4,5-benzo-6,7-dihydroindenyl) zirconiumdichloride, ethylenebis-1-(2-methylindenyl)zirconium dichloride,ethylenebis-1-tetrabydroindenylzirconium dichloride, and also the alkylor aryl derivatives of each of these metallocene dichlorides.

[0032] To activate the single-center catalyst systems, suitablecocatalysts are used. Suitable cocatalysts for metallocenes of theformula I are organoaluminum compounds, in particular aluminoxanes, oraluminum-free systems such as R²² _(X)NH_(4-X)BR²³ ₄, R²² _(X),PH_(4-X)BR²³ ₄, R²² ₃CBR²³ ₄ or BR²³ ₃. In these formulae, x is from 1to 4, the radicals R²² are identical or different, preferably identical,and are C₁-C₁₀-alkyl or C₆-C₁₈-aryl or two radicals R²² together withthe atom connecting them form a ring, and the radicals R²³ are identicalor different, preferably identical, and are C₆C₁₈-aryl which may besubstituted by alkyl, haloalkyl or fluorine. In particular, R²² isethyl, propyl, butyl or phenyl and R²³ is phenyl, pentafluorophenyl,3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, mesityl, xylyl or tolyl.

[0033] These cocatalysts are particularly suitable in combination withmetallocenes of the formula I when R¹ and R² are each a C₁-C₁₀-alkylgroup or an aryl or benzyl group, preferably a methyl group. Derivativeformation to give the metallocenes of the formula I can be carried outby literature methods, for example by reaction with 5 alkylating agentssuch as methyllithium (cf. Organometalics 9 (1990) 1359; J. Am Chem.Soc. 95 (1973) 6263).

[0034] In addition, a third component is frequently necessary to provideprotection against polar catalyst poisons. Organoaluminum compounds suchas triethylaluminum, tributylaluminum and others, and also mixtures, aresuitable for this purpose. Depending on the process, supportedsingle-center catalysts can also be used. Preference is given tocatalyst systems for which the residual contents of support material andcocatalyst in the product do not exceed a concentration of 100 ppm.

[0035] Another embodiment of the present invention is a polymer whereinthe polymer is an isotactic polypropylene copolymer. For the purposes ofthe present invention, a polypropylene copolymer is a polymer preparedwith propylene and at least one other monomer. Compounds useful forpreparing the copolymers of the present invention are any unsaturatedmonomer having from 2 to 30 carbons that can undergo polymerization withpropylene without giving rise to significant levels of crosslinking.Exemplary compounds include alpha olefins, hindered dienes and the like.The isotactic polypropylene copolymers of the present invention can beprepared with from 0.1 to 50 mole percent comonomers, but preferably aremade with from about 1 to about 20 mole percent commoners, and mostpreferably are made with from about 2 to about 10 mole percentcomonomers.

[0036] One significant aspect of the current invention is to producecopolymers that are relatively transparent, hard and low melting (<120°C.) when compared to typical polypropylenes (which typically have amelting point of 145° C.). Normally to obtain low melt pointpolypropylenes and ones with good optical properties, one must lower themolecular weight of the material. When this is done, the resultantproduct is typically very soft. An example of this is amorphouspolypropylenes that are often semi-solids at room temperature. Theseproducts are almost never hard. (The definition of “hard” is a polymerwith a penetration (typically measured by ASTM D1321) that is less than5 dmm.) One product of this invention are copolymers that have meltingpoints <120° C. that are still hard (<5 dmm) at 25° C.

[0037] The isotactic polypropylene homopolymers and isotacticpolypropylene copolymers of the present invention as well as some oftheir derivatives are substantially isotactic. In an isotactic polymer,substantially all subgroups of atoms that are not a part of the backbonestructure are located in the same side of the plane formed by thebackbone atoms. For example, in a polypropylene homopolymer of thepresent invention, a substantial amount of the pendant methyl groupswould be either above or below the repeating backbone chain. For thepurposes of the present invention, an isotactic polymer is one in whichfrom about 60 percent to about 99 percent of the pentads are isotactic.

[0038] The conventional co-monomers which can be used to prepare thecopolymers of the present invention preferably include: alpha olefinsincluding butene, pentene, hexene, octene, styrene, isobutylene, and thelike; hindered dienes including butadiene, isoprene, chloroprene, andthe like. In some applications, it can be desirable to use lessconventional co-monomers that add functionality to prepare apolypropylene copolymer. Co-monomers which impart added functionalitysuch as allyl trimethylsilane, allyl benzene, norbornylene, vinylchloride, vinyl silanes, vinyl siloxanes, vinyl ethers, isobutylene, andthe like can also be used and are preferred.

[0039] One preferred embodiment of the present invention is an isotacticpolypropylene homopolymer derivative. The homopolymers and copolymers ofthe present invention have terminal unsaturation. For the purposes ofthe present invention, an isotactic polypropylene homopolymer derivativeis the product of reacting the terminal unsaturation of an isotacticpolypropylene homopolymer with a compound that results in the formationof a hydroxy group or other functional group on the homopolymer orcopolymer. For example, one such derivative can be prepared by reactingan olefin of the present invention with hydrogen peroxide and formicacid to form an epoxide. Additionally, the epoxide can be furtherreacted with zinc iodide to form an aldehyde. Additionally the aldehydecan be reduced to an alcohol using sodium borohydride. Additionally theepoxide can be reduced to the alcohol in one step by reacting withhydrogen in the presence of a transition metal catalyst.

[0040] The isotactic polypropylene copolymers of the present inventioncan similarly be reacted with materials to form derivatives. Othermaterials useful for forming derivatives with the isotacticpolypropylene homopolymers and isotactic polypropylene copolymers of thepresent invention, sometimes referred to as derivatizing agents, includereacting the olefin with hydrogen peroxide and formic acid to form anepoxide. Additionally, the epoxide can be further reacted with zinciodide to form the aldehyde. Additionally the aldehyde can be reduced tothe alcohol using sodium borohydride. Additionally the epoxide can bereduced to the alcohol in one step by reacting with hydrogen in thepresence of a metal catalyst.

[0041] These derivatives of the present invention can also function asintermediates in the preparation of other derivatives. For example, afirst derivative having a primary hydroxyl group can be reacted withethylene oxide or propylene oxide in the presence of a base to form apolyether alcohol. The resultant derivative polymers will have abackbone of a polypropylene homopolymer or copolymer but will terminatewith a group having a relative high reactivity including but not limitedto: alcohols, amines, amide, imides, carboxylates, esters, anhydrides,and the like.

[0042] There are yet additional derivatives of isotactic polypropylenehomopolymers and copolymers of the present invention. The additionalderivatives are saturated polymers prepared by adding hydrogen acrossthe terminal double bond of a polypropylene homopolymer or copolymer ofthe present invention. These derivatives are prepared by any method ofhydrogenating a polymer known to one of ordinary skill in the art ofpreparing saturated polymers.

[0043] Isotactic polypropylene derivatives also include isotacticpolypropylene polyfunctional polymers. For example, one such polymer isprepared by the reaction of a polypropylene homopolymer with a peracidfollowed by treatment with aluminum alkoxide to form an unsaturatedmonol. The resultant polymer has both unsaturation as well as a hydroxylgroup. The polypropylene polyfunctional polymers of the presentinvention include polymers which have a backbone of a polypropylenehomopolymer or copolymer but terminate with a group having at least twodifferent relatively high reactivity groups including but not limitedto: alcohols, amines, amide, imides, carboxylates, esters, anhydrides,and the like. For purposes of the present invention, a relatively highreactivity group is any group which is substantially more reactive thana saturated aliphatic material such as an alcohol or an amine and thelike but excluding groups such as saturated alkanes, aliphatic primaryethers such as diethyl ether, and the like.

[0044] The term “polymers of the present invention” means the isotacticpolypropylene homopolymers, isotactic polypropylene copolymers, andisotactic polypropylene derivatives of the present invention. Thesepolymers are characterized, in part, by their molecular weights. Alsofor purposes of the present invention, molecular weight is characterizedin two ways. In a first way characterizing molecular weights, a polymeris said to have a weight average molecular weight (Mw), expressed inDaltons, which is determined by GPC. In a second way of characterizingmolecular weights, a polymer is said to have a number average molecularweight (Mn), also expressed in Daltons, which is also determined by GPC.

[0045] The polymers of the present invention preferably have apolydispersity of from about 1.2 to about 3.0. The term “polydispersity”refers to the value obtained by dividing a polymer's weight averagemolecular weight by its number average molecular weight, or statedanother way, polydispersity equals Mw/Mn.

[0046] The polymers of the present invention are prepared by themetallocene-catalyzed polymerization of propylene and, in the case ofthe copolymers, propylene and other monomers. The polymerization can beperformed in any manner known to those of ordinary skill of the art tobe useful for preparing such polymerizations, but preferably is done bysolution or gas phase polymerization.

[0047] The isotactic polypropylene homopolymers of the present inventionhave a melting point range in degrees centigrade of from about 50° C. toabout 120° C., preferably from about 80° C. to about 110° C., and evenmore preferably from about 95° C. to 105° C., when tested bydifferential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The comparatively narrowmelting point range of polypropylene homopolymers of the presentinvention make these polymers particularly useful in applications suchas lubricants in toners and as anti-blocking agents. The comparativelynarrow melting point range of polypropylene homopolymers of the presentinvention make these polymers useful in applications such as lubricantsin toners and as anti-blocking agents. Additionally these polymersimpart additional properties useful with a broader array of applicationssuch as compatibilizers for dissimilar polymers, additives for graphicarts and coatings (powder coatings, thermal transfer inks, printinginks, and jet inks) and the like.

[0048] The isotactic polypropylene copolymers of the present inventionalso have a melting point range in degrees centigrade of from about 50°C. to about 120° C., preferably from about 80° C. to about 110° C., andeven more preferably from about 95° C. to 105° C., when tested by DSC.The comparatively narrow melting point range of polypropyleneco-polymers of the present invention make these polymers useful inapplications similar to those of the homo-polymer as noted above, suchas lubricants in toners and as anti-blocking agents; however, the use ofco-monomers to prepare these polymers impart additional properties (suchas improved transparency) useful with a broader array of applicationssuch as compatibilizers for dissimilar polymers, additives for graphicarts and coatings (powder coatings, thermal transfer inks, printinginks, and jet inks), and the like.

[0049] The polymers of the present invention are useful in severalapplications. For example, the polymers are useful as lubricants intoners, release agents for coatings and graphic arts applications,internal mold release agents, external mold release agents,anti-blocking agents, compatibilizers, dispersants, processing aids, andthe like. One important use of the polymers of the present invention isin toners. Toners are used in the process sometimes referred to asphotocopying, but also referred to as electrophotography, copying, andduplicating. This same process is used in large copiers and printers andsmall home-office printers (commonly referred to as “Laser Printers”),and the like. Toners useful with the present invention include at leasta resin, a colorant and a lubricant. In electrophotography, anelectromagnetic image is formed on an organophotoconductor (OPC) drumand then exposed to the toner. Toner particles align along theelectromagnetic image and are then transferred to a medium, such aspaper. After the image is transferred, it is then exposed to heat,pressure, or both wherein the resin, sometimes referred to as the binderresin, serves to bind the image to the paper. One of the functions ofthe lubricant is to prevent the toner from permanently adhering toanything inside the printer/copier other than the paper.

[0050] The polymers of the present invention can also be used in tonerswherein homopolymers of polypropylenes, copolymers of polypropylenes andderivatives of homopolymers of polypropylenes and copolymers ofpolypropylenes are used as lubricants and release agents in the tonerformulations. The polymers of the present invention can also be used intoner formulations wherein a polymer of the present invention is a resinalso having lubricant properties. The polymers of th present inventioncan also be used in toner formulations wherein a colorant is admixedwith a resin of the present inventions also having lubricant properties.Conventional binder resins can include styrene polymers, e.g.,polystyrene, styrene-acrylate copolymer resins, polyester resins, andthe like. The toners of the present invention include a binder resinthat can be the reaction product of a conventional resin and apolypropylene polyfunctional polymer, an isotactic polypropylenehomopolymer derivative or an isotactic polypropylene copolymerderivative of the present invention. Preferably, the binder resin of atoner of the present invention is the reaction product of a homopolymerderivative of an isotactic polypropylene and polyesters or styrenebutadiene acrylates.

[0051] The polymers of the present invention can be used with resins.Such resins may be obtained through the polycondensation reaction ofpolyoxypropylene (2,2)-2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane, fumaric acid,octynel succinic anhydride, terephthalic acid and alcohol derivative ofpolypropylenes.

[0052] The toners of the present invention can be obtained through theaddition of various pigments, charge control agents, magnetic powdersand other optional components to the binder resin prepared with polymersof the present invention. Resins are further processes by methods knownto those of ordinary skill in the art of preparing resins, for example,the melt of the resin described above is subsequently dispersed throughthe use of a super mixer, Danbury mixer, roll mill, kneader or extruder.Rough pulverization of the cooled melt is carried out through the use ofa cutter mill, hammer mill or similar process; fine pulverization with ajet mill; or classifying with a wind power classifier.

[0053] Normally, a surface treatment of the resulting resin product withvarious additives is included as a finishing step of the process.Representative examples of the above mentioned binder resin includesstyrene resins, styrene-acrylic copolymer resins, polyester resins,polyethylene resins, epoxy resins, silicon resins, polyamide resins,polyurethane resins and the like. Representative examples of the abovementioned pigment includes carbon black, nigrosine, aniline blue,charcoal blue, chromium yellow, ultramarine blue, dupone oil red,quinine yellow, methylene blue chloride, phtalocyanine blue, malachitegreen ocsalate, lamp black, rose bengal mixture thereof and the like.The ratio of the pigments is such that the corresponding image isvisibly and measurably sufficient. Representative examples of themagnetic powder includes metals having strong magnetic properties, suchas ferrites, magnetite, iron, cobalt, nickel, alloys thereof andcompounds comprising these elements; and alloys that do not comprisestrong magnetic elements but shows strong magnetic properties upon beingheat treated.

[0054] The magnetic powders referenced above are dispersed within aresin with an average weight of 20 to 70 parts of magnetic powders to100 parts of the binder resin. The two-component developer can beobtained through mixing of the toner with carriers such as ferrite,steel and iron carriers. The toner utilized in a two-component systemtypically contains magnetic powders that are dispersed with an averageweight of 0.1 to 10 parts to 100 parts of the binder resin.

[0055] Recent developments in electrophotographic apparatuses,particularly copying machines and printers, have been devices havingever-greater performance as measured by finer printing resolution andfaster throughput or printing rates. This higher level of performance bythe electrophotographic devices has resulted in higher toner performancerequirements. It is difficult to produce such high performance toners byconventional processes. For example, it is difficult to produce finedispersion of resin and wax.

[0056] Toners with poorly dispersed resin and wax can result in thetoner being unevenly dispersed during electophotography, thus degradingimages by lowering image density. Poorly dispersed resin and wax intoners can also result in inconsistent performance, fouling of developersleeves and carriers, as well as scratching or film build-up onphotosensitive drums. It is an object of the present invention toprovide a process for improving the uniformity of dispersion of a resinin a toner using internal additives such as the polypropylenes,polypropylene copolymers and derivatives thereof of the presentinvention.

[0057] A toner particle of the present invention contains at least abinder resin, colorant and polypropylenes as internal additives. In someembodiments, a toner according to the present invention may also containa combination of a charge control agent and polypropylene derivativessuch as alcohols, acids and maleates in the form of external additives.These polypropylene external additives can stabilize the triboelecticcharge on the final toner particle and thereby improve tonerperformance.

[0058] By using a toner of the present invention that is in the form ofparticles, it is possible to have an image with well-mixed colors andwith a thin image layer. The main property needed in such a toner resinto achieve above-mentioned well-mixed colors and thin image layer is alow melt viscosity at low fixing temperature. Toner particles having alow melt viscosity can be produced using a toner resin having a lowerglass transition temperature (Tg). The toners of the present inventionprincipally employ a modified styrene butadiene acrylic resin orpolyester resins as a binding resin. These modified resins containspolymers formed by reacting, grafting, blending, and combinationsthereof, of the polyester or SBA resin with at least one compoundselected from the group comprising the polypropylenes of the presentinvention including their derivatives such as alcohols, acids andmaleates.

[0059] The concept for powder coating is very similar to toners. Apowder coating should have many of the same properties as a toner.Accordingly, these polymers of the present invention can also be used inpowder coating applications.

[0060] In preparing toners and powder coatings of the present invention,it is desirable to use degassing additives to release entrapped gasesduring extrusion and fusion of the toners and powder coatings. Degassingagents are additives that lower the surface tension, allowing entrappedgases to escape during extrusion and fusion steps. It should be notedthat if gas is unable to escape during fusing, the gas can form bubblesin the toner or powder coating. The bubbles will often break which canleave the film surface pin holed and cratered.

[0061] It is well known in the art of powder coating that low meltviscosity polymer degassing agents work better than conventionaldegassing agents such as benzoin derivatives. The effectiveness ofdegassing is directly related to low melt viscosity and polydispersityof the polymer. While not wishing to be bound by any theory, it isbelieved that the low melt viscosity of the polymers results in theformation of capillaries through which entrapped gases can escape.Preferably, the polydispersity (Mw/Mn) of the polymer should approachunity to retain such a low melt viscosity. Another possible reason thatsuch polymers are effective is that, in the melt state, the degassingagent acts as a low viscosity fluid which uniformly wets out the othertoner components such as resin and pigment, and disperses it by themechanical action of mixing equipment, such as a single or twin screwextruder. A family of low molecular weight polypropylene polymers, whenincorporated into a toner formulation as degassing agents, will helprelease entrapped gases during extrusion and fusion and thus produceduniform dispersions having improved toner properties.

[0062] In general, a toner has been produced by melting and mixing acolorant, a charge control agent, an offset preventing agent such aspolypropylenes and thermoplastic resin, uniformly dispersing them in thethermoplastic resin to prepare a composition, grinding the compositionand then classifying the ground product. Besides, in the grindingprocess, it is difficult to uniformly disperse solid fine particles suchas the colorant, charge control agent and offset preventing agent in thethermoplastic resin. The unevenly dispersed state of the solid fineparticles may decrease the image density. Also, the uneven dispersion ofthese solid fine particles in the grinding process adversely affects theflowability, triboelectrification properties and the like of theresulting toner to great extent and influences properties of the toner,such as developing characteristics and durability. Accordingly, in thegrinding process, it is necessary to take good care to uniformlydisperse these solid fine particles. In order to overcome these problemsin the grinding process, processes of producing a toner by aggregationand coalescence processes or suspension polymerization have beenproposed in recent years.

[0063] In one embodiment, the present invention is a process forpreparing a toner, and more specifically a process for aggregation andcoalescence, or suspension polymerization of toner particles. In anotherembodiment, the present invention is a process for the preparation of anin situ chemical toner. In the practice of the present invention, itpreferable that the processes for preparing toners include aggregationand fusion or coalescence of latex, colorants, pigment particles, andadditives such as polypropylenes. The processes of the present inventionare desirably economical and allow for the in situ, chemical or directpreparation of toners using steps including an initial preaggregation,followed by a second aggregation to toner sized particles without theutilization of the conventional pulverization and/or classificationmethods. The resulting toners can be selected for conventionalelectrophotographic processes, including digital processes, andparticularly color imaging and printing processes.

[0064] In practicing the suspension polymerization process of thepresent invention, preferably a polymerizable monomer; a colorant; acharge control agent; an offset preventing agent, such as thepolypropylenes and derivatives thereof of the present invention; and apolymerization initiator are poured into water or an aqueous dispersionmedium composed principally of water, which contains a dispersionstabilizer. The dispersion can be prepared by means of a mixing devicecapable of mixing with high shearing force to form fine droplets of thepolymerizable monomer composition, and the droplets are thenpolymerized, thereby forming toner particles. In one embodiment of thepresent invention, the colorant, charge control agent, offset preventingagent, are added to monomers such as styrene, which is a low-viscosityliquid, to disperse them therein. The resulting toner has far betterdispersion than toners prepared by means of a grinding process, in whichsuch components are mechanically dispersed in the resin.

[0065] The use of a polyethylene and polypropylene wax blend of thepresent invention having relatively low melting points and of a binderresin having a high viscosity can widen the non-offset area, a desirabletrait in a toner. The polyethylene wax preferably has a melting point offrom about 90 to about 130° C. and the polypropylene wax preferably hasa melting point of from about 80 to about 150° C. Oxidized polyethylenewaxes also performed very well compared to conventional polyethylenewaxes when mixed with polypropylene waxes of the present invention. Theblend of metallocene based polypropylene such as the polypropylenes ofthe present invention with Ziegler Natta based polypropylenes such asconventional polypropylene can also result in improved toner properties.

[0066] Use of conventional polypropylenes, which are commonly used intoners, has not been well explored in coating applications, such aspowder coating applications, because of the conventional polypropylenes'higher melting points. Typical thermoset powder coatings are commonlyused in processes with temperatures only as high as 110° C., whereasthermoplastic can be used in processes having temperatures up to 140° C.during the extrusion process. Conventional polypropylenes melt in therange of 140-155° C., thus restricting their usage in powder coatingapplication. Desirably, the isotactic polypropylene homopolymers andcopolymers of the present invention have a melting range of from about80° C. to about 120° C. and are useful for powder coating applicationssuch as thermoset and thermoplastic powder coatings.

[0067] The polymers of the present invention can be useful as anexternal mold release agent. External mold release agents are materialsused in processes for molding materials, primarily polymers but alsoother materials, such as fiberboard, to facilitate release of thematerial being molded from a mold. Such release agents are often applieddirectly to mold as a wipe or, more frequently, as a spray. Theisotactic polypropylene homopolymers, isotactic polypropylenecopolymers, isotactic polypropylene derivatives, can be used eitheralone or in mixtures for this application. One important advantage ofthe present invention over the conventional mold release agents is thatboth the backbone and the functionality of polymers can be selected tofacilitate the release of the particular material being molded.

[0068] The polymers of the present invention can be used as an internalmold release agent in certain molding applications. An internal moldrelease agent is a material that is admixed with the material to bemolded rather than being applied directly to the mold. Preferably, theinternal mold release is chemically bonded to the material being molded.In the practice of the present invention, an internal mold release is anisotactic polypropylene derivative having active hydrogen groups, aminesand esters.

[0069] One application of the internal mold release agents of thepresent invention is in a process for reaction injection molding. Forexample, an internal mold release agent of the present invention havingan active hydrogen or isocyanate functionality can be admixed with apolyol or a polyamine and a polyisocyanate and then injected into a moldto form a polyurethane or a polyurea, wherein the mold release agentwould improve the ability of the resulting polymer to be removed fromthe mold.

[0070] The polymers of the present invention can also be used ascompatibilizers. This is especially true of those functional derivativesdescribe herein. A polymer selected from the group consisting of anisotactic polypropylene homopolymer, an isotactic polypropylenecopolymer, an isotactic homopolymer derivative, an isotactic copolymerderivative, and a polypropylene polyfunctional polymer of the presentinvention or mixtures thereof can be used to compatibilize two materialswhich would otherwise be incompatible. For example, the comparativelynon-polar backbone of a polymer of the present invention can be preparedwith a polar functional group to compatibilize a polar material and anon-polar material

[0071] Another preferred use of the polymers of the present invention isas a processing aid for polymers. In preparing articles from polymers,it is often preferable that the articles being prepared have no voids,gels or other defects. For example, one common use of polymers is makingfilms by a blow molding process. In this process, a film is formed byblowing a gas into a mass of molten polymer forming a tube that, afterthe polymer cools, is deflated and sliced into sheets. If there arevoids due to the polymer forming gels or not smoothly flowing into anextruder, then the tube of molten polymer can either not form at all ordeflate prematurely causing waste and down time, both possibilitiesbeing undesirable in industrial applications.

[0072] The processing aids of the present invention can be select andprepared to facilitate polymer processing. Preferably, the processingaid is a polymer selected from the group consisting of an isotacticpolypropylene homopolymer, an isotactic polypropylene copolymer, anisotactic polypropylene derivative, and mixtures thereof. The molecularweights and functionality of the polymer can be selected such that thepolymer promotes the void, gel, and defect free production of a plasticarticle.

[0073] Similar to their use as a processing aid in polymers, thepolymers of the present invention can be used as an anti-blocking agent.Powders, including polymer powders, can be difficult to process if theyhave a tendency to stick together and form agglomerations rather thanflow fluidly. Equipment to reduce and unblock powders such as conveyors,blowers, vibrators, thumpers, extruders and the like are expensive andcan be maintenance intensive and as such, can be undesirable inindustrial applications. The anti-blocking agents of the presentinvention are selected from the group consisting of an isotacticpolypropylene homopolymer, an isotactic polypropylene copolymer, anisotactic polypropylene derivative, and mixtures thereof wherein theanti-blocking agent promotes the free flow of powders.

[0074] Other uses for the polymers of the present invention includeusing isotactic polypropylene homopolymers of the present invention aslubricants for poly vinyl chloride (PVC) and chlorinated PVC (CPVC); useas a monomer for polyalphaolefin polymerizations yielding an additivethat allows polypropylene having better compatibility for fiberglass; UVlight cured acrylate slip and anti-block materials; polyurethane foammold release agents; polypropylene flow modifiers; nucleating agents forpreparing polyethylene foams; additives to improve polypropylene andthermoplastic olefin polymer paintability, and the like.

[0075] Uses for the isotactic polypropylene homopolymer saturatedderivatives of the present invention include expandable polystyrene(EPS) cell nucleation agents; EPS bead coating; polyurethane moldrelease agents; expandable pellet cell nucleation agents; cell controlagents in extruded polystyrene foams; slip and anti-block agents for usewith low density polyethylene, linear low density polyethylene, and highdensity polyethylene polymers, polypropylene flow modifiers; and asnucleating agents for polyethylene foams.

[0076] The isotactic polypropylene copolymers of the present inventionhave uses which can vary with type and amount of copolymer used toprepare the copolymers, but, generally, can be used as: a polypropyleneflow modifier when prepared with alpha-olefins; a crosslinking agent forpolystyrene when prepared with hindered dienes; an external mold releaseagent for engineering resins when prepared with allyl trimethylsilanes;a polypropylene compatibilizer when prepared with allyl benzene; and thelike.

[0077] Exemplary derivatives and their uses include polymers of thepresent invention with: terminal epoxides which can be used as glassre-enforcement sizings and intermediates for stabilizers as well aspaintability enhancing agents in polypropylene and thermoplastic olefinpolymers and the like; and terminal alcohols which can be used aspigment dispersants, intermediates for stabilizers, polypropylenerotomolding, intermediates for stabilizers, polypropylene andthermoplastic polyolefin paintability enhancers, and the like. Onefamily of derivates is useful as fiberglass reinforcement sizings. Thesederivatives include polymers of the present invention having a terminaltrifluoroacetate group or a terminal maleic anhydride group. Also usefulin the same application are the potassium salt, half ester and methylquaternary salt of a maleic anhydride polymer of the present invention.

[0078] One use of a derivative of the present invention is as acompatibilizer and melt fracture reduction agent. Derivatives preparedby admixing a first derivative of the present invention having a primaryhydroxyl are admixed with an alkylene oxide, preferably propylene oxideor ethylene oxide, and most preferably ethylene oxide in the presence ofa base to form an ethoxylated alcohol. Such materials can act as acompatibilizer in polypropylene fiber production, and as a melt fracturereduction agent, particularly in the production of linear low-densitypolyethylene.

[0079] The polypropylene polyfunctional isotactic polypropylenederivatives of the present invention have many applications. Forexample, the polymers of the present invention having more than onehydroxyl group can be used as polyurethane cross linkers, polyurethanechain extenders, polyurethane foam cell opening agents, rocket motorbinders, polyurethane polyols, telephone cable joint potting agents,polypropylene and thermoplastic polyolefin painting enhancing agents,electrical potting agents, encapsulation agents, components inwaterproof membranes, and the like. Polymers of the present inventionhaving multi-maleic anhydride groups are particularly useful asfiberglass reinforcement sizings.

[0080] The isotactic polypropylene copolymers of the present inventionhave uses which can vary with type and amount of copolymer used toprepare the copolymers, but, generally, can be used as: a polypropyleneflow modifier when prepared with alpha-olefins; a crosslinking agent forpolystyrene when prepared with hindered dienes; an external mold releaseagent for engineering resins when prepared with allyl trimethylsilanes;a polypropylene compatibilizer when prepared with allyl benzene; and thelike.

[0081] The reactive end-groups of the vinyl, alcohol, acid, aldehyde,and epoxide allow, through their related family chemistries, theaddition of an isotactic polypropylene molecule to such commonly knownadditives, as antioxidants, light stabilizers, acid scavengers,lubricants, processing aids, antifogging additives, anti-microbials,flame retardants, chemical blowing agents, crosslinking agents, and thelike. The polypropylene portion of the resultant additive can increaseor decrease the compatibility in the plastic intended to be modified andthereby modify the degree of dispersion, the migration rates, or thechemical reactivity in such a way as to improve the performance of themodified additive.

[0082] The reactive end-groups of the vinyl, alcohol, acid, and epoxidecan participate in the termination of growing polymer chains and therebyadding a polypropylene tail to the polymer chain to improve internal andexternal lubricity, to modify the surface characteristics, orcompatibilize the polymer for making composite blends. An example wouldbe to improve the slip and antibocking characteristics of UV cureacrylates.

[0083] The isotactic polypropylene homopolymers and copolymers areexcellent internal lubricants for PVC and CPVC to allow processing thesematerials safely in high shear extrusion and injection molding.Additionally, and because of their incompatibility in all high molecularweight polyethylenes, they would migrate to the surface of an extrudedor injection molded part during processing where they would provideimproved slip and anti-blocking because of their waxy and selflubricating nature. Also, these materials are excellent components ofwater based or solvent based dispersions for providing good spray-onmold release for polyurethane foam molding. Because of their almostcomplete compatibility in high molecular weight polypropylene, thesematerials will improve the flow characteristics of same, at lowconcentrations, allowing for faster mold filling, lower processing powerconsumption, and faster cycle times. These materials, because of theirincompatibility in and higher melt point of polystyrene, are good cellnucleating agents for expandable polystyrene. In powder form ordispersed in water, they will provide excellent bead coating agents forexpandable polystyrene.

[0084] As shown by example herein, anionic dispersions of a maleicanhydride containing polypropylene derivative of the present invention,when added to paint, substantially improve the ability of the paint toadhere to polypropylene containing plastics when neat or present asplastic blends. The silane containing polypropylene derivativesdescribed herein can function as excellent flow lubricants and moldrelease agents for engineering resins such asacrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, polycarbonate, and other moretemperature resistant plastics.

[0085] The terminal epoxide polypropylene derivative described herein isable to react directly with fiberglass to create a glass reinforcementfor polypropylene that is compatible with the matrix. This approach tocreating a compatible glass eliminates the complicated step of firstreacting the glass with an amino silane which is then reacted with amaleated polypropylene in a second step to create the reinforcement.

[0086] Improving the paintability of polypropylene containing plastics,i.e. thermoplastic polyolefins (TPOs), is desirable for automotiveinterior and exterior parts, because of the difficulty of gettingadhesion to the plastic of typical paint systems. The addition of awater-based dispersion of maleic anhydride containing polypropylenes ofthe present invention to an acrylic latex paint substantially improvesthe paint adhesion to TPOs. Another approach is to compound the samepolypropylene derivative into the TPO to be painted, whereby it willmigrate to the surface to improve paint adhesion. It is easily projectedthat a combination of the methods would make the adhesion even betterthan one alone. Paint systems using epoxy and urethane chemistries maybe similarly improved using the epoxide/hydroxy and hydroxy, respectivecontaining polypropylenes.

[0087] Due to the hygroscopic nature of the ethoxylated alcohols of thepolypropylenes of the present invention, they can be compounded intohigh molecular weight polypropylenes and/or polyethylenes, where theywill migrate to the surface of, for example, films or fibers to providehydrophilic properties to products that are otherwise hydrophobic innature. This would have applications in many products made for non-wovenpolypropylene and polyethylene mats such as diapers and syntheticcloths. Film applications would include any that require a lower contactangle with water.

[0088] Ethoxylated alcohols of polyethylene have been shown to reducemelt fracture in polyolefins. While not wishing to be bound by anytheory, it is believed that the polypropylene based ethoxylated alcoholsof the present invention will migrate to the surface in polyolefins andlubricate the metal contact surfaces, extending to higher shear rates,the onset of melt fracture.

[0089] Primary alcohols of polyethylene are used as pigment dispersantsin polyethylene whereby either the non-polar or polar end of themolecule associates itself with the pigment particle, is isolated by thewaxy tail, and prevents re-agglomeration, and thus, improving colordevelopment. The isotactic polypropylene derivative alcohols of thepresent invention can do the same in polypropylene.

[0090] Because of their incompatibility in many thermoplastic elastomers(TPEs), low molecular weight polypropylenes can be compounded with TPEsand while the mixture is in the molten state, can migrate to thesurface, providing a layer of waxy anti-blocking polypropylene. Thisinternal approach to achieving anti-blocking can work in cases where theblocking nature of the base polymers is moderate to low. If blocking issevere at ambient temperatures, migration is often too slow to put anample amount of agent on the surface. In these more severe cases, atopical coating of anti-blocking agent is required. The polypropylenes,copolymers, and related derivatives can be dispersed in water to formdispersions which can be sprayed onto pellets, added via the underwatercutting cooling systems, etc. to put an sufficient amount of agent toprevent blocking.

[0091] The products of the present invention, unless further reacted toform a functional derivative, contain a normal alpha olefin. As such,the polypropylene homopolymers and copolymers described herein can alsoundergo polymerization using free radical initiators. As such they canbe used either as the only raw material in such a polymerization, orthey can be used as a comonomer in a polymerization. The products ofthis polymerization are unique due to their toughness and translucency.Such polymers or copolymers with are useful in candles as oil binders oras hardeners in lipsticks.

[0092] The products of the present invention, when subdivided toparticle sizes of <500 microns can act as an abrasive in facial and bodyscrubs. Also when the products of this invention are subdivided toparticle sizes having a diameter of less than 100 microns (1×10⁻⁶ m),they are useful as the binder in powdered eye, facial and body makeup,due to their ability to cold flow under pressure (pressure fix) andtheir excellent transparency. Because of their translucency and oilbinding characteristics, the products of the present invention areuseful as additives in such cosmetic products as lipsticks andsunscreens.

[0093] The following examples are provided to illustrate the presentinvention. The examples are not intended to limit the scope of thepresent invention and they should not be so interpreted. Amounts are inweight parts or weight percentages unless otherwise indicated.

EXAMPLE 1

[0094] An inert 100-liter reactor is charged with 45 kg of toluene and400 ml aluminoxane (10% aluminum) is added. The reactor is heated to 68°C. and pressurized to 6 bar (600 kPa) with propylene. 150 mg of abridged indenyl-cyclopentadienyl zirconocene catalyst precursor isdissolved in 600 ml of aluminoxane. The polymerization is initiated bythe addition of the catalyst solution to the reactor. The temperatureand pressure are held constant. Propylene is added as needed. After 2.2hours the reaction is quenched by the addition of isopropanol. Thesolvent is removed under vacuum and the product drained as a melt. Theproduct weight is 17.3 kg. GPC measurements indicate an Mn of 1649 and aPDI of 1.52. The properties are summarized in Table 1.

EXAMPLE 2

[0095] A polymer is prepared substantially identically to Example 1except that 50 mg of catalyst dissolved in 400 ml of aluminoxane is usedat 51° C. and 6.7 bar (670 kPa) of propylene pressure for 2 hours. Theproduct weight is 18.4 kg. The properties are summarized in Table 1.

EXAMPLE 3

[0096] An inert 100-liter reactor is charged with 45 kg of toluene, 3 kgof 1-hexene and 400 ml aluminoxane (10% aluminum) is added. The reactoris heated to 53° C. and pressurized to 6 bar with propylene. 126 mg of abridged indenyl-cyclopentadienyl zirconocene catalyst precursor isdissolved in 400 ml of aluminoxane. The polymerization is initiated bythe addition of the catalyst solution to the reactor. The temperatureand pressure are held constant. Propylene is added as needed. Oneadditional kg of 1-hexene is added halfway through the reaction. After3.5 hours the reaction is quenched by the addition of isopropanol. Thesolvent is removed under vacuum and the product drained as a melt. Theproduct weight is 20 kg. The results are shown in Table 1.

EXAMPLE 4

[0097] A polymer is prepared substantially identically to Example 1except that 100 mg of catalyst is used at 70° C. and 6.7 bar (670 kPa)of propylene pressure for 2.5 hours. The product weight is 18.8 kg. Theproperties are summarized in Table 1.

EXAMPLE 5

[0098] A polymer is prepared substantially identically to Example 3except that 150 mg of catalyst is used at 51° C. and 6.9 bar (690 kPa)of propylene pressure for 3 hours and 1-octene is used in place of1-hexene. The product weight is 21.2 kg. The properties are summarizedin Table 1.

EXAMPLE 6

[0099] A polymer is prepared substantially identically to Example 1except that 100 mg of catalyst is used at 75° C. and 6.6 bar ofpropylene pressure for 3.5 hours. The product weight is 17.3 kg. Theproperties are summarized in Table 1.

EXAMPLE 7

[0100] A polymer is prepared substantially identically to Example 1except that 270 mg of catalyst is used at 71° C. and 6.5 bar ofpropylene pressure for 2.5 hours. The product weight is 29.5 kg. Theproperties are summarized in Table 1. TABLE 1 % Solid Isotactic Vispoint Ex. # pentads Mn (GPC) PDI DSC (° C.) Pen 25° C. Pen 140° F. (149°C.) Flash (° C.) (° C.) 1 ND 1649 1.52 124.9 3 15.5 40 243 88 2 ND 28061.58 134.7 0.5 4 220 246 102 3 ND 3259 1.82 94.4 3 25 135 274 77 4 73.71503 1.84 121.5 1.5 10 ND 135 92 5 ND 3480 1.51 104.9 1.5 16 98 310 86 671.8 1879 2.00 124.9 5.5 29 20 213 82 7 86.3 1498 1.50 145.5 1 ND 70 232ND

EXAMPLE 8

[0101] Maleic derivatives are prepared by 1:1 (MA-iPP) grafting. 1000 g(about 0.5 mol) of isotactic polypropylene homo-polymer is placed in areaction kettle with an agitator, an addition funnel and a nitrogeninlet. The temperature is maintained at 150° C. 49 g (0.5 mol) of maleicanhydride is dissolved in 60 ml of acetone and transferred to theaddition funnel. Maleic anhydride solution is added dropwise to thereaction mass for 4 hours. The reaction kettle is then maintained at150° C. for an additional 2 hours. The maleic grafted product isobtained after removing solvent.

EXAMPLE 9

[0102] Maleic derivatives are prepared by 2:1 (MA-iPP) grafting. A 2:1maleic derivative is prepared and recovered substantially identically toExample 8 except that 98 g (1 mol) of maleic anhydride is used and themaleic anhydride solution is added dropwise to the reaction mass for 8hours.

EXAMPLE 10

[0103] A maleated polypropylene wax is used to improve paint adhesion onTPOs. The maleated PP wax of Example 9 is utilized in making an anionicdispersion based on the formula shown below. Maleated PP of Ex. 9 23.6%Diethylaminoethanol 2.8% Oleic Acid 2.8% DI Water 70.8%

[0104] The dispersion is prepared as follows. The ingredients are placedin a Parr reactor which is heated to 146° C. and stirred at 500 rpm for30 minutes. The heat is shut off and the agitation is continued at 500rpm until the contents cooled to below 40C. This dispersion (hereinreferred to as LX-1447) is tested for ability to adhere to thermoplasticpolyolefins, (Basell Cataloy KS357P). To evaluate paint adhesion, theTPO is extruded into tapes approximately 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) wide andabout 40 to 50 mils (1.0-1.2 mm) thick. The tape was then cut intoapproximately 3 inch (7.62 cm) lengths that are dipped into the coatingstested. After the tapes are allowed to dry or oven conditioned, thepaint adhesion is determined by scribing a lattice pattern with a razorblade, through the paint surface, containing approximately 36 squaresapproximately ⅛ inch (0.32 cm) in size. SCOTCH® brand adhesive tape isthen pressed onto the lattice pattern and pulled off to determine the %of squares removed. The paint used for the testing is a Monarch exteriorgrade acrylic latex paint (Monarch 2200, Aqua-Gleem 100% acrylic fromMonarch Paint Company 3530 Lang Rd., Houston Tex. 77092). The followingresults are obtained with various coatings and oven conditioning aftercoating and are displayed in Table 2. TABLE 2 % Squares COATING OvenConditioning Removed Monarch Paint 100% None 70 Monarch Paint 100% 30min. @ 121° C. 93 LX-1447 Only None 0 50% LX-1447/50% Monarch None 10050% LX-1447/50% Monarch 30 min. @ 121° C. 0 20% LX-1447/80% Monarch 30min. @ 121° C. 0 50% LX-1447/50% Monarch 30 min. @ 80° C. 0 20%LX-1447/80% Monarch 30 min. @ 80° C. 0 50% LX-1447/50% Monarch 30 min. @121° C. then 0 immersed 1 hr in gasoline 20% LX-1447/80% Monarch 30 min.@ 121° C. then 14 immersed 1 hr in gasoline 50% LX-1447/50% Monarch 30min. @ 121° C. then 0 sprayed with OFF ® brand insect repellant 20%LX-1447/80% Monarch 30 min. @ 121° C. then 0 sprayed with OFF ® brandinsect repellant

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 11

[0105] In a comparative study, EPOLENE E-43, which is a maleatedpolypropylene available from Eastman Kodak Chemicals Products, Inc., isused to prepare a dispersion using a formulation and proceduresubstantially identical to Example 10 except that the EPOLENE E-43 wasused in place of the polymer of the present invention. This ComparativeExample did not yield a stable dispersion because the componentsseparated in about 12 hours at ambient conditions.

EXAMPLE 12

[0106] The toners used in the examples are produced through the dry melttechnique commonly found throughout the toner industry. The first stepconsists of the master batch process where the ingredients are measuredprior to mixing. The formulations consist of styrene acrylic resin,carbon black, charge control agent and either Sanyo 550P, a commerciallyavailable polypropylene commonly used in toners, or the product ofExample 2. After pre-weighing, the material is dumped into aHENSCHEL-mixer®. The mixing method consisted of 12 seconds on low speed,followed by 5 minutes of intensive mixing on high speed. The mixedproduct then went on to be compounded using a twin-screw 30 mmco-rotating extruder. The melt temperatures are set to 85-95° C. with ascrew rpm of 250. The molten material is then cooled through chillrollers and pelletized for collection. The next step of productioninvolves rough grinding the material using a THOMAS WILEY grinder to 500μm. The ground material is then milled to approximately 10 μm using aTROST mill. As an after-treatment or external treatment, silica is addedat a weighed percentage of 0.2%. Again, the product is intensively mixedusing a HENSCHEI mixer. The mixing method consisted of 10 seconds on lowspeed, 2 minutes on high speed. Lastly, the material is screened using100-mesh screen. This left finished material that could now be evaluatedin the copy machine.

[0107] The two formulations are designated as SL-012/97A & SL-012/97B.Both formulas consist of exactly the same percentages of otheringredients, with the difference being the type of wax. 97A utilizedSanyo 550P wax as stated above, with 97B utilizing the product ofExample 2. No issues of compatibility are noted during pre-mixing orcompounding of material. Both products show similar hardness during therough grinding stages. The milling results in similar efficiency, with aslight edge to the 97B based on smaller particle size of the finishedproduct from the same mill settings. However, flow rate as visuallyobserved during the screening process yielded lower flow for 97B basedon material remaining on the screen.

[0108] The application of the toner involved a mid-speed copier,specifically a MINOLTA® EP-5000 analog copier. Toner as originallysupplied with the analog copier is initially run in the machine to forma baseline for image density, consumption and transfer efficiency. Oncethe baseline is established, the 97A toner is added to the developingunit's subhopper after removal of the OEM toner. The copier is then putthrough a 1K changeover, which consisted of 100 copies using a 25% chartand 900 copies using a 5% chart. The changeover period of 1K should beadequate to create a developer that contained a majority of the newtoner while hindering any detrimental influence caused by a highpercentage of fine material as a result of non-classification during themilling process. All parameters tested demonstrate similar readings forimage density, consumption and transfer efficiency when using 97Amaterial. 97B material showed a slight increase in consumption, increasein transfer efficiency with a slight corresponding increase in imagedensity. The solid black showed no hot offset issues under normalmachine conditions of 93.3° C. (200° F.)

[0109] Consumption is determined by weighing the developer unit beforeand after printing a specific number of test pages. Transfer efficiencyis determined by weighing the waste collected after printing a specificnumber of test pages and comparing that weight to the amount of tonertaken from the developer unit. Hardness is determined by examining theamount of build-up inside the grinder—harder materials give lowerbuild-ups. Image density is determined by comparison with referenceplates using a MACBETH RD 918 densitometer.

[0110] The results of the testing are shown in Table 3 below: TABLE 3Transfer Toner Hardness Image Density Consumption Efficiency OEM Not ◯ ◯◯ Tested 97A ◯ ◯ ◯ ◯ 97B B ◯ ◯ B

[0111] Some additional thermal properties of material utilized in theexperiment are displayed below in Table 4: TABLE 4 Melting MaterialSoftening Temperature (° C.) Temperature (° C.) Styrene Acrylic 78.1118.6 resin Sanyo 550P N/A 139.7 Example 2 124.1 132.7

[0112] The above values were generated through use of a capillaryrheometer (SHIMADZU® Flow Tester CFT-500D)

EXAMPLE 13

[0113] Isotactic polypropylene polymers of the present invention aretested for rheological properties and compared to conventional polymers.The materials used, the testing methodology and the results of thetesting are displayed below in Table 5. TABLE 5 100° C. 105° C. 110° C.120° C. 130° C 135° C. 140° C. 145° C. Ex. 5 A 1.08E−04 1.62E−02 B1.10E+00 1.65E+02 C 2.22E+05 1.49E+03 Ex. 9 A 3.36E−03 1.29E−02 B3.42E+01 1.32E+02 C 7.16E+03 1.86E+03 Ex. 2 A 3.91E−04 1.77E−04 1.36E−027.20E−01 B 3.98E+00 1.80E+00 1.38E+02 7.34E+03 C 6.15E+04 1.36E+051.78E+03 3.34E+01 Sanyo A 3.04E−05 3.86E−03 1.62E−02 550 B 3.09E−013.93E+01 1.65E+02 C 7.92E+05 6.24E+03 1.49E+03

EXAMPLE 14

[0114] Epoxide derivatives of homo-polymer polypropylene are prepared.1000 g (about 0.5 mol) of isotactic polypropylene homo-polymer is placedin a suspension of 2000 ml of toluene in a spherical reaction flashreactor with an agitator, a condenser and a bottom outlet. Thetemperature is maintained at 60° C. 4.6 g (0.1 mol) of formic acid isadded to the suspension and stirred for 15 minutes. 68 g (1 mol) of 50%aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution is slowly added to the mixture andstirred for 5 hours. The epoxide product is obtained after washing withwater and removing solvent.

EXAMPLE 15

[0115] Epoxide derivatives of co-polymer polypropylene are prepared.1000 g (about 0.3 mol) of isotactic propylene-hexene co-polymer isplaced in a suspension of 2000 ml of toluene in a spherical reactionflash reactor with an agitator, a condenser and a bottom outlet. Thetemperature is maintained at 60° C. 2.76 g (0.06 mol) of formic acid isadded to the suspension and stirred for 15 minutes. 40.8 g (0.6 mol) of50% aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution is slowly added to the mixtureand stirred for 5 hours. The epoxide product is obtained after washingwith water and removing solvent.

EXAMPLE 16

[0116] Aldehyde derivatives are prepared from the isotacticpolypropylene derivative of Example 14.1000 g (about 0.5 mol) of anepoxide of isotactic polypropylene homopolymer is dissolved 2000 ml oftoluene in a spherical reaction flash with an agitator, a condenser anda bottom outlet. Temperature is maintained at 100° C. 4 g (0.0125 mol)of zinc iodide is added to the solution and stirred for 2 hours. Thealdehyde product is obtained after washing with 0.1 N hydrochloric acid,water and removing solvent.

EXAMPLE 17

[0117] Aldehyde derivatives are prepared from the isotacticpolypropylene derivative of Example 15.1000 g (about 0.3 mol) of epoxideof isotactic propylene-hexene co-polymer is dissolved 2000 ml of toluenein a spherical reaction flash reactor with an agitator, a condenser anda bottom outlet. The temperature is maintained at 100° C. 2.4 g (0.0075mol) of zinc iodide is added to the solution and stirred for 2 hours.The aldehyde product is obtained after washing with 0.1 N hydrochloricacid, water and removing solvent.

EXAMPLE 18

[0118] Alcohol derivatives are prepared from the isotactic polypropylenederivative of Example 16.1000 g (about 0.5 mol) of aldehyde of isotacticpolypropylene homo-polymer is placed in a suspension of 2000 ml oftoluene in a spherical reaction flash with an agitator, a condenser anda bottom outlet. The temperature is maintained at 60° C. 10 g (0.25 mol)of sodium borohydride and 50 ml of isopropanol were added to thesuspension and stirred for 10 hours. The alcohol product is obtainedafter washing with water and removing solvent.

EXAMPLE 19

[0119] Alcohol derivatives are prepared from the isotactic polypropylenederivative of Example 17.1000 g (about 0.3 mol) of aldehyde of isotacticpropylene-hexene co-polymer is placed in a suspension of 2000 ml oftoluene in a spherical reaction flash with an agitator, a condenser anda bottom outlet. The temperature is maintained at 60° C. 6 g (0.15 mol)of sodium borohydride and 50 ml of isopropanol were added to thesuspension and stirred for 10 hours. The alcohol product is obtainedafter washing with water and removing solvent.

EXAMPLE 20

[0120] A copolymer is prepared using allyltrimethylsilane as acomonomer. An inert 1-liter reactor is charged with 600 ml of tolueneand 20 ml allyltrimethylsilane are added. The reactor is heated to 80°C. and pressurized to 5 bar (500 kPa) with propylene. 2.5 mg of abridged indenyl-cyclopentadienyl zirconocene catalyst precursor isdissolved in 6 ml of aluminoxane (10% aluminum). The polymerization isinitiated by the addition of the catalyst solution to the reactor. Thetemperature and pressure are held constant. Propylene is added asneeded. After 25 minutes, the reaction is quenched by the addition ofisopropanol. The solvent and residual allyltrimethylsilane are removedunder vacuum. 45 g of product is recovered. NMR analysis indicated Mn1500, 70% isotacticity, and 5 mole % incorporated silane.

EXAMPLE 21

[0121] A silane group is added to the olefinic end of a polypropylenemolecule of the present invention. Two grams of isotactic polypropylene(Mn=855) are dissolved in 5 ml of toluene. Two grams of eithertriethylsilane or triphenylsilane are added. To each of these is added0.5 g of Karstedts catalyst. The mixture is heated at 105-110° C. for 6hours. 13C NMR analysis indicates consumption of the terminal olefinicbonds.

EXAMPLE 22

[0122] An ethoxylated derivative of an isotactic polypropylene of thepresent invention is prepared. 480 g of a terminal alcohol of isotacticpolypropylene with Mn=1100 is dissolved in 1 liter of xylene and 2.5 gof KOH is added. A reactor is heated to 130° C. and stirred. Ethyleneoxide is added to maintain pressure at 100 psig for 6 hours. Theethylene oxide is vented and the solvent removed under a nitrogen flush.800 g of product is recovered. NMR analysis indicates that 40-weight %ethylene oxide is present in the product recovered.

EXAMPLE 23

[0123] A non-ionic dispersion of the product of example 22 is prepared.Dispersion Ingredients Product of Example 22 200 g UNITHOX ® 750Ethoxylate 40 g DI water 560 g

[0124] The materials are charged to a 2-liter Parr reactor, the reactoris sealed and heated to 140-150° C. The reactants are mixed for 1 hourat 500 rpm. The heat is shut off and agitation continued at 500 rpm asreactor contents cool to <40° C.

[0125] The contents are removed from the reactor; The product is smooth,even and viscous. The products are analyzed and results of the analysisare: Solids 31% pH 11 Viscosity 700 cP

[0126] Drawdowns made from the dispersion on untreated polypropylenefilm indicate that wetting does occur.

EXAMPLE 24

[0127] A product is prepared by polymerization of metallocene co-polymerand olefin. 300 g of metallocene propene-hexene co-polymer preparedaccording to Example 3 above, and 700 g of C-30+ olefin obtained fromChevron-Phillips are placed in a reaction kettle with an agitator and anitrogen inlet. The temperature is maintained at 150° C. Three portionsof di-t-butyl peroxide, 10 g each, are added to the molten mass at2-hour intervals. Reaction is then tailed off for an additional 2 hours.A product is obtained after vacuum under nitrogen sparging for one hour.GPC data of the polymerized product follows the same pattern of peaks aspoly-olefin, (which was prepared from only C-30+ olefin according theabove procedure), with proportionally higher molecular weight peaks.This suggests that there is incorporation of propylene/hexene co-polymeronto the poly-olefin chains. An unexpected property of this polymerizedproduct in that its visual appearance is glossier and less opaque thanthat of the conventional polyolefin.

What is claimed is:
 1. A toner comprising a resin, a colorant, and alubricant wherein the lubricant is a composition comprising a polymerselected from the group consisting of: (A) An isotactic polypropylenehomopolymer comprising a homopolymer prepared by polymerizing propylenein the presence of a metallocene catalyst at a temperature of from about30 to about 120 degrees centigrade under reaction conditions sufficientto polymerize propylene to produce a homopolymer having: (a) anisotacticity index of from about 60 to about 95% isotactic pentads; (b)a number average molecular weight of from about 300 to about 10,000daltons; (c) a weight average molecular weight of from about 600 toabout 20,000 daltons; and (d) a melting point range of from about 50 toabout 120 degrees centigrade, (B) An isotactic polypropylene copolymercomprising a copolymer prepared by polymerizing propylene monomer and atleast one co-monomer in the presence of a metallocene catalyst at atemperature of from about 30 to about 120 degrees centigrade underreaction conditions sufficient to polymerize propylene to produce acopolymer having: (a) an isotacticity index of from about 60 to about 95percent isotactic pentads; (b) a number average molecular weight of fromabout 300 to about 10,000 daltons; (c) a weight average molecular weightof from about 600 to about 20,000 daltons; and (d) a melting point rangeof from about 50 to about 120 degrees centigrade;  wherein the copolymeris prepared with from 0.1 to 50 mole percent comonomers, (C) Anisotactic polypropylen derivativ comprising the reaction product ofadmixing: (a) an isotactic polypropylene homopolymer prepared by aprocess including polymerizing propylene in the presence of ametallocene catalyst at a temperature of from about 30 to about 120degrees centigrade under reaction conditions sufficient to polymerizepropylene; (b) an isotactic copolymer prepared by a process includingpolymerizing propylene and from 0 to 50 mole percent of at least oneco-monomer in the presence of a metallocene catalyst at a temperature offrom about 30 to about 120 degrees centigrade under reaction conditionssufficient to polymerize propylene; or (c) a mixture of (a) and (b); with a derivatizing agent or a series of derivatizing agents underreaction conditions sufficient to add to the isotactic polypropylenehomopolymer or isotactic polypropylene copolymer or mixtures thereof, afunctional group selected from the group consisting of alcohol, ester,anhydride, carboxylic acid, amine, nitrile, imine, silane, siloxane,sulfonate, alkane, aldehyde, epoxide, alcohol, organoborane, ethoxylate,propoxylate, higher alkoxylate, and halogen functional groups, and (D)mixtures thereof.
 2. The toner of claim 1 wherein the metallocenecatalyst used to prepare the isotactic polypropylene homopolymer orisotactic polypropylene copolymer, or isotactic polypropylene derivativehas the general formula (C₅H₅)₂MX₂ with bridged or unbridgedcyclopentadienyl groups, and M being from group 4 of the periodic table.3. The toner of claim 1 wherein the isotactic polypropylene homo polymeror isotactic polypropylene copolymer has: (a) an isotacticity index offrom about 70 to about 90 percent isotactic pentads; (b) a numberaverage molecular weight of from about 700 to about 8,000 daltons; (c) aweight average molecular weight of from about 1400 to about 16,000daltons; and (d) a melting point range of from about 65 to about 130degrees centigrade.
 4. The toner of claim 3 wherein the isotacticpolypropylene homo polymer or isotactic polypropylene copolymer has: (a)an isotacticity index of from about 75 to about 85 percent isotacticpentads; (b) a number average molecular weight of from about 1,000 toabout 5,000 daltons; (c) a weight average molecular weight of from about2,000 to about 10,000 daltons; and (d) a melting point range of fromabout 80 to about 120 degrees centigrade.
 5. The toner of claim 1wherein the resin is a toner binder resin.
 6. The toner of claim 5wherein the toner binder resin is selected from the group consisting ofstyrene resins, styrene-acrylic copolymer resins, polyester resins,polyethylene resins, epoxy resins, cyclic olefin resins, polyamideresins, and polyester polyol resins.
 7. The toner of claim 6 wherein theresin is the reaction product of an isotactic polypropylene derivativeand polyesters or styrene butadiene acrylates.
 8. The toner of claim 1wherein the colorant is select from the group consisting of carbonblack, nigrosine, aniline blue, charcoal blue, chromium yellow,ultramarine blue, dupone oil red, quinine yellow, methylene bluechloride, phtalocyanine blue, malachite green ocsalate, lamp black, rosebengal and mixtures thereof.
 9. The toner of claim 1 additionallycomprising a charge control agent and a magnetic powder.
 10. The tonerof claim 9 wherein the magnetic powder is selected from the groupcomprising ferrites, magnetite, iron, cobalt, nickel, and alloysthereof.
 11. An isotactic polypropylene homopolymer comprising ahomopolymer prepared by polymerizing propylene in the presence of ametallocene catalyst at a temperature of from about 30 to about 120degrees centigrade under reaction conditions sufficient to polymerizepropylene to produce a homopolymer having: (a) an isotacticity index offrom about 60 to about 95% isotactic pentads; (b) a number averagemolecular weight of from about 300 to about 10,000 daltons; (c) a weightaverage molecular weight of from about 600 to about 20,000 daltons; (d)a melting point range of from about 50 to about 120 degrees centigrade;and (e) a polydispersity of from about 1 to about
 2. 12. The isotacticpolypropylene homopolymer of claim 11 wherein the isotacticpolypropylene homopolymer has: (a) an isotacticity index of from about70 to about 90 percent isotactic pentads; (b) a weight average molecularweight of from about 700 to about 8,000 daltons; (c) a number averagemolecular weight of from about 1400 to about 16,000 daltons; and (d) amelting point range of from about 65 to about 120 degrees centigrade.13. The isotactic polypropylene homopolymer of claim 12 wherein theisotactic polypropylene homo polymer has: (a) an isotacticity index offrom about 75 to about 85 percent isotactic pentads; (b) a numberaverage molecular weight of from about 1,000 to about 5,000 daltons; (c)a weight average molecular weight of from about 2,000 to about 10,000daltons; and (d) a melting point range of from about 80 to about 120degrees centigrade.
 14. An isotactic polypropylene copolymer comprisinga copolymer prepared by polymerizing propylene monomer and at least oneco-monomer in the presence of a metallocene catalyst at a temperature offrom about 30 to about 120 degrees centigrade under reaction conditionssufficient to polymerize propylene to produce a copolymer having: (a) anisotacticity index of from about 60 to about 95% isotactic pentads; (b)a number average molecular weight of from about 300 to about 10,000daltons; (c) a weight average molecular weight of from about 600 toabout 20,000 daltons; (d) a melting point range of from about 50 toabout 120 degrees centigrade; and (e) a penetration value as measured byASTM D-1321 of ≦5 dmm, wherein the copolymer is prepared with from 0.1to 50 mole percent comonomers.
 15. The isotactic polypropylene copolymerof claim 14 wherein the isotactic polypropylene homopolymer has: (a) anisotacticity index of from about 70 to about 90 percent isotacticpentads; (b) a number average molecular weight of from about 700 toabout 8,000 daltons; (c) a weight average molecular weight of from about1400 to about 16,000 daltons; and (d) a melting point range of fromabout 65 to about 120 degrees centigrade.
 16. The isotacticpolypropylene copolymer of claim 15 wherein the isotactic polypropylenehomo polymer has: (a) an isotacticity index of from about 75 to about 85percent isotactic pentads; (b) a number average molecular weight of fromabout 1,000 to about 5,000 daltons; (c) a weight average molecularweight of from about 2,000 to about 10,000 daltons; and (d) a meltingpoint range of from about 80 to about 120 degrees centigrade.
 17. Anisotactic polypropylene derivative comprising the reaction product ofadmixing: (a) an isotactic polypropylene homopolymer prepared by aprocess including polymerizing propylene in the presence of ametallocene catalyst at a temperature of from about 30 to about 120degrees centigrade under reaction conditions sufficient to polymerizepropylene; (b) an isotactic copolymer prepared by a process includingpolymerizing propylene and from 0 to 50 mole percent of at least oneco-monomer in the presence of a metallocene catalyst at a temperature offrom about 30 to about 120 degrees centigrade under reaction conditionssufficient to polymerize propylene; or (c) a mixture of (a) and (b),with a derivatizing agent or a series of derivatizing agents underreaction conditions sufficient to add to the isotactic polypropylenehomopolymer or isotactic polypropylene copolymer or mixtures thereof, afunctional group selected from the group consisting of alcohol, ester,anhydride, carboxylic acid, amine, nitrile, imine, silane, siloxane,sulfonate, alkane, aldehyde, epoxide, alcohol, organoborane, ethoxylate,propoxylate, higher alkoxylate, and halogen functional groups.
 18. Apolymer comprising the product prepared by combining: (a) an isotacticpolypropylene polymer prepared by polymerizing propylene in the presenceof a metallocene catalyst at a temperature of from about 30 to about 120degrees centigrade under reaction conditions sufficient to produce apolymer; (b) an isotactic polypropylene copolymer prepared bypolymerizing propylene in the presence of a metallocene catalyst andfrom 0.1 to 50 mole percent of a co-monomer at a temperature of fromabout 30 to about 120 degrees centigrade under reaction conditionssufficient to produce a polymer; or (c) a mixture of (a) and (b); whichare either reacted alone or as a comonomer with a conventional alphaolefin that is either a liquid or sold at room temperature using a freeradical catalyst as an initiator under reaction conditions sufficient toform a polymer.
 19. A toner comprising a resin and a colorant, whereinthe resin has lubricant properties and is prepared by admixing athermoplastic resin having a primary, secondary or tertiary groupreactive with active hydrogens with an isotactic polypropylenederivative of claim 17 having an active hydrogen group under reactionconditions sufficient to form a toner resin having lubricant properties.20. An external mold release agent comprising a mold release agentselected from the group consisting of an isotactic polypropylenehomopolymer of claim 11, an isotactic polypropylene copolymer of 14, anisotactic derivative of claim 17, and mixtures thereof.
 21. An internalmold release agent comprising a mold release agent selected from thegroup consisting of an isotactic polypropylene homopolymer of claim 11,an isotactic polypropylene copolymer of 14, an isotactic derivative ofclaim 17, and mixtures thereof.
 22. A compatibilizer comprising apolymer selected from the group consisting of an isotactic polypropylenehomopolymer of claim 11, an isotactic polypropylene copolymer of claim14, an isotactic polypropylene derivative of claim 17, and mixturesthereof wherein the compatibilizer functions to compatibilize twomaterials which would otherwise be incompatible.
 23. An anti-blockingagent comprising a polymer selected from the group consisting of anisotactic polypropylene homopolymer of claim 11, an isotacticpolypropylene copolymer of claim 14, an isotactic polypropylenederivative of claim 17, and mixtures thereof wherein the anti-blockingagent promotes the free flow of powders.
 24. A processing aid forpolymers comprising a polymer selected from the group consisting of anisotactic polypropylene homopolymer of claim 11, an isotacticpolypropylene copolymer of claim 14, an isotactic polypropylenederivative of claim 17, and mixtures thereof wherein the processing aidpromotes the void, gel, and defect free production of a plastic article.25. An adhesion improver for water based acrylic paints comprising ananionic dispersion of a polymer selected from the group consisting of anisotactic polypropylene homopolymer of claim 11, an isotacticpolypropylene copolymer of claim 14, an isotactic polypropylenederivative of claim 15, and mixtures thereof, wherein, when added towater-based acrylic paints, the adhesion improver functions to improveadhesion of the paints to difficult to paint substrates, such aspolypropylene containing substrates and thermoplastic olefin substrates.26. The product of claim 18 for use as an additive in candles.
 27. Theproduct of claim 18 where it is used as an additive to cosmetics,especially as an additive for lipsticks.